Thursday, July 13, 2023

Migrant fishermen and debt bondage


Delicious  seafood in a menu might have a dark side:  labor issues involving migrant fishermen that   have long troubled the global fishing industry.

In the piece “Worked to Death”, journalists from Environmental Reporting Collective worked together to expose   illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing – known in the industry as “IUU fishing”.

IUU  fishing is a broad term that captures a wide variety of fishing activity that has caused alarming destruction to marine environments, as well as horrific human rights abuses by the companies involved.

It includes all fishing that breaks fisheries laws and regulations or occurs outside their reach. Illegal fishing usually refers to fishing without a license, fishing in a closed area, fishing with prohibited gear, fishing over a quota, or the fishing of prohibited species. There are also entities which are not reporting or underreporting their catch—even if the vessel is licensed to catch that species.

Out on the high seas, the journalists documented a dark undercurrent of illegal and destructive activity that has been running for decades.

The piece narrated stories of  Southeast Asian migrant fishermen, including Filipinos,  recruited to work on board   foreign fishing vessels with promises of decent, well-paid jobs.

But once they begin working, the promised conditions of work do not materialize, and they find themselves trapped in abusive conditions.

Work may be performed under conditions that are degrading (humiliating or dirty) or hazardous (difficult or dangerous without adequate protective gear), and in severe breach of labour laws.

Many are  obliged to work excessive hours or days beyond the limits prescribed by national law or contracts. Breaks and days off are denied  by being on call 24/7.

They are usually physically assaulted if they refuse to obey orders: they were hit, kicked, slapped across the face, and beaten with objects like ropes and metal rods.

They were fed rotten food and given dirty drinking water. Over time, some of them developed unknown illnesses.

Despite the inhumane  conditions, the report noted that many  migrant fishers   were unable or afraid to leave their ships due to  threat of debt, among other reasons.

The contract usually indicate  that if they failed to complete their two-year work terms, they would forfeit much of their salary while still owing their recruiters fees they had agreed to pay out of future earnings.

Brokers charge exorbitant fees, with interest, often taking payment directly from the migrant fisher’s wages and creating the conditions for debt bondage.

Greenpeace said in the paper  Seabound: The Journey To Modern Slavery On The High Seas”  that  such a scenario, where fishing vessel captains rule with impunity, makes modern slavery at sea possible.

Under the so-called debt bondage, the migrant fishers are often working in an attempt to pay off an incurred or sometimes even inherited debt. The debt can arise from wage advances or loans to cover recruitment or transport costs or from daily living or emergency expenses, such as medical costs.

Greenpeace also criticized   the retention by the employer of identity documents or other valuable personal possessions, and  the inability of the migrant fishermen to access these items on demand.

 Wages are also systematically and deliberately withheld as a means to compel the migrant fisher to remain, and deny him the opportunity to change employer.

In October  2019, I was in Taiwan where I  was able to meet some of the Filipino survivors of  the collapse  the bridge in Nanfang’ao Port that  crushed their boats. Three Filipino fishermen were killed from the incident which also left 18 migrant fishermen, including 14 Filipinos, homeless.

My personal interaction with Filipino fishermen in Taiwan is an affirmation of the 2018 US State Department’s Country Report on Human Rights Practices that  flagged countries like Taiwan for  the practices of recruitment and brokerage agencies, which facilitate the hiring of fishermen and other migrant workers, as leaving workers “vulnerable to debt bondage.”

 

This occurs when  recruitment agency hires a foreign fishing worker and withholds his  passport or deducts heavy service fees from  his pay.

 

The Report also noted mistreatment and poor working conditions for foreign fishermen remained common.

 

Foreign fishermen recruited offshore were not entitled to the same labor rights, wages, insurance, and pensions as those recruited locally.

 

Do you wonder if some of the sea products  you purchased  are the result of an injustice called debt bondage?
(Atty,  Dennis R. Gorecho heads the seafarers’ division of the Sapalo Velez Bundang Bulilan law offices. For comments, email info@sapalovelez.com, or call 09175025808 or 09088665786).

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